Unit+VIII

John Fitzgerald Kennedy
-38th President -Democrat, 1961-1963 -Changed American political system -One of the people's favorite presidents -Kept many things private, especially his diseases and his affairs with women and his "sexual appetite", specifically with Mariyln Monoroe -__Bay of Pigs__ - CIA secretly trained Cubans to invade Cuba and take down Castro - disaster - JFK took complete responsibility -Created the Peace Core; Challenged America to land on the moon -__Cuban Missle Crisis__ - JFK had recieved briefing from CIA that the Soviet Union was placing bases in Cuba for nuclear missles, capable of delievering heavy damage to anywhere in the United States -Strong on foriegn policy; less proactive domestically until 1963 with violence in Birmingham, AL ^Changed mood within the public and the Kennedy administration; -JFK approved the assassination of the President of Vietnam -Was brought to Texas to speak at a new space museum; shot in Dallas, died on November 22, 1963

Lyndon B. Johnson
-Democrat, 1963-1969 -Within hours of the assassination of -Promised to dedicate his presidency to JFK -Wanted to be the greatest president, ever. -Had an ego problem -Felt inferior to smarter people -Overwhelmed people to get what he wanted, to get in people's faces, shouting at them, bribing them, almost trying to dominate - "The Johnson Treatment" -Made a plan - "The Great Society" - End segregation, end poverty - to produce fair opporutunties, enviornmental acts, food stamps, voting rights, medicade, fed aid for education, national public radio and broadcasting, civil rights! ^Civil Rights act was core to make America a better society -Truman's containment policy was now Johnson's war

-Last year of Johnson's presidency, Vietnam got a lot worse, almost impossible to win, Johnson did not seek for reelection -At the end of his term, tried to negocitate peace, but failed. -No president other than FDR that achieved more than LBJ.

==Map Analysis - The United SAtates in Latin America, 1954-2001; Page 833 ==
 * ﻿Shows America's intervening in Latin America during the Cold War
 * Shows the multiple occassions in which the U.S ordered interventions in Central America, the Caribbean, and the northern nations of South America
 * Interventions usually driven by fear that communists mght take over nations near the U.S
 * Multiple interventions in Cuba, especially in the late 50s, early 60s (1959, 1961, 1962); Guatemala - 1954-1976, 1981: Overthrowing of socialist gov't along with military support; Nicaragua - 1979, 1981-1990: Military/Economic support, Overthrow of gov't
 * Most interventions were either to overthrow the country's government or to help the country in military or economic ways

Map Analysis - The War in Vietnam and Indochina, 1964-1975

 * War was fought in small battles but across a widespread area of land, U.S mainly stationed along the coast of South Vietnam
 * North Vietnam wasn't that involved in battle engagments as much as South Vietnam was.
 * More communist supply routes compared to United States and South Vietnam forces and invasions of Cambodia
 * Vietnam is located just below China and is bordered by Laos and Cambodia which is located next to Thailand along with Burma.

Vietnam War Timeline [[image:ngo_dinh_diem_1829798propertyzoom.jpg width="222" height="240" align="right" caption="Ngo Dinh Diem"]]
fof North Vietnamese soliders and supplies into the South
 * 1945** - __The Vietminh__ - Vietminh declared vietnam an indeprendent nation and created a nationalist gov't under **Ho Chi Minh**
 * 1946** - __French Movement back into Vietnam__ - France moved back into Vietnam and began to attept to reestablish contorl over the ocuntry
 * 1949 -** __Vietnam__ __& Bai Do__ - French establish Bao Dai as a ineffectual former emperor who was unable to assert any efficent independent authority
 * 1950** - __The Truman Administration Intervenes__ - U.S administration formally recognized the Bao Dai regime and agreed to provide with direct military & economic aid
 * 1953** - __Dien Bien Phu__ - Vietminh forces attack French ina major battle in northwest part of country, French were surronded & deteriorated; Eisenhower administration decided not to intervene to save French
 * 1954** - __The Geneva Conference of 1954__ - (April 26 - July 20, 1954) - Aimed to restore peace in Indochina and settle differences; Immediate cease-fire in the war; Vietnam would be temporarily partitioned along the 17th parallel; elections would later be held for eventually be held to reunite the country [[image:1954_081.jpg width="347" height="225" align="left"]]
 * 1956** - __U.S supports Ngo Dinh Diem__ - Supproted South Vietnamese President's refusal to permit the elections called for at the Geneva Convention because Ho Chi MInh would win in a land side due to the North's much larger population
 * 1959** - __NLF Created__ - National Liberation Front (the Viet Cong) creted by Vietminh - committted to overthrowing the regime of Diem and reuniniting the nation.
 * 1963** - __Kennedy supports Assination__ - JFK supports the assination of Diem; South Vietnamese genrals also killed his brother and principal advisor (not expected or wante dby U.S)
 * 1963** - __South Vietnam Establishes new Government__ - South Vietnamese establish first ofa series of new gov'ts were less stable than before Diem was overthrown
 * 1964** - __American Troops Attacked__ - American destryouers on patrol in international waters in the **Gulf of Tonkin** attacked by North Vientames torpedo boats
 * 1964-1972** - __Bombings of the North__ - America continuously bombed North Vietnam attempeting to destroy the depots and transportation lines repsonsbile
 * 1967** - __Growing Opposition on the Homefront__ - Opposition of the war became a centgral issue and penetrated popular culture too. (Folk Muscisians - Bob Dylan, Pete Seeger)
 * 1968 -** __The Tet Offensive__ - (January 31, 1968 - Vietnamese New Year - Tet) - Communist forces launched large attack on American throughout South Vietnam.

Where Historians Disagree on the Vietnam War
In my opinon, the Vietnam War is one of the least popular wars that the United States have ever faught in, because of it's unpopularity throughout the nation and how it divided America's citizens as well. I think that in a way the United States knew that it possibly couldn't win this war but they refused to admit it because they couldn't accept failure. I think that the United States didn't want to damage it's pride and they didn't want to loose a war since they had won most if not all of the wars that they had faught in previously. The main force behind their desire of fighting so badly was the fear and the desire of ending communism thoughout the world and to stop it from spreading, especially from it spreading to South Vietnam. I think that this war was a bit too drastic in the fight to end communism along with the Cold War; tons of civilians died fighting on both sides of the war and cost America a heafty sum of over $150 billion dollars. The bottom line was America's fear of communism along with loosing its supernation status. Fall of Saigon **- North Vietnam taking down South Vietnam** Sharon & Catherine's Opinion -** Somewhat similiar to WWII, because they were fighting so that communsim would stop; America's hand was somewhat forced. -The Vietnam War was very much a continuation of Truman's Containment Doctrine, Eisenhower through Nixon
 * Kerri's Opinion:** America went too far with intervening with another nation's issues, just like always and lives were faught for a pointless reason, because the North still overpowered South Vietnam.

Why Vietnam?- 1965 Government Video
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">﻿"Agression unchallenged, is agression unleashed." <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">-Lyndon B. Johnson <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">﻿-America had learned that they have to stop things, because if they didn't it wouldn't stop. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">-They HAD to get involved in Vietnam, so that they could help people be free. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">-1 milllion Vietnam civilians, lef the North because they didn't want to be ruled by a communist leader/government <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">-**U.S PROPAGANDA (**Why Vietnam video) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">-Open Guerilla Warfare <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">-"A grain of rice is worth a drop of blood." - Communist

<span style="color: #007cff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Feminism; Liberation
Women could be equal to me in all facids of life. Pushing the social norms; adjusting social norms; women were seen being more equal. Liberation = Independence, free will, choice Women want to follow their own dreams - get involved in politics & gov't; **equal pay for equal work** **Freedom of Divorce & Be able to support themselves afterwards**
 * How to define Feminism?** Feminism is the effot made by women to liberate themselves from the male persuasion in terms of equality in jobs, along with the social, education, domestic and political aspects in someone's life.
 * Women's Liberation** - Women's Liberation was a movement when women freely and openly expressed their desire for equality.
 * Roe v. Wade** - Supreme Court decision that ruled on protecting women's rights to have an abortion; In the 1960s, abortion was banned in the United States, but then in Roe v. Wade, allowed women with the consent of their doctor to have an abortion; angered many religious fundamentalists (Catholics); Introduced personal privacy to the Consitution
 * "right to privacy"**

<span style="color: #707010; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Chapter 33 - Main Ideas - Domestic v. International
-American Hostages were taking by Iranians to get Shah back -**Camp David Accords**:Between Israel & Egypt (peace treaty) - Carter brought Egyptian president & Prime minister of Israel to Camp David Conference - signed formal peace treaty -Soviet Union Falls: Fell w. open resistance in public; Mikhail Gorbachev came back into power in the Commuinist reign; Gorbachev resigned as leadre and the Soviet Union ceased to exist -Tianamen Square: Bejing - June 3, 1989 - Students died for launching a mass mv't calling for democracy; resultedin a bloody massacre -The First Gulf War: 1989-1991: -New American Right: Conservatism & Religious Revivalism - Religious importance was dead pre-70s, wasn't that popular -Four presidents elected within 1976-1992: (1976) - Carter elected president: (1980) - Regan elected president: (1988) - Bush elected president (1992) - Clinton elected president -__Reganomics__ - supply side economics: called for widespread tax cuts, decreased social spending, increased military spending, and the deregulation of domestic markets. -**Deregulation:** Less involvement in the economy - more **laissez faire** - __"trickle down economics__": prosperity trickles down from the wealthesiest to the poor; helps the broad population
 * International:**
 * -**__Iranian Revolution__ (1979): Iran revolted against the Shah - escaped to the United States to be treated for cancer
 * Domestic:**
 * -** Gerald Ford pardons Nixon