Unit+IV

**﻿What was meant by the Far West?**
The Far West was the area of mostly unexplored territories that was soon a place where Anglo-Americans migrated to this area where there were Mexican, French, British Canadians, Hispanic and Indian cultures throughout the west before the Anglo-Americans migrated (WEST of the MI River - Huge aspect of U.S history; What Americans used to be considered the boundary of the United States )

The Frontier in America was considered the Far West,that many Americans considered to be unexplored, or the western part of the United States in the late 1800's, in which many people along the eastern part of the U.S. Many imagined what it would look like, but few did know what it actually looked like. Many pictured the west to be very diverse with different cultures, regions, climates, and many different types of businesses. **Concept, not a place; it was not necessarily a place.** "The Land of Opportunity." __Line that separates developed & undeveloped.__ Frontier (Definition from book - A Survey: American History by Alan Brinkley) an empty land awaiting settlement and civilization; a place of wealth, adventure, opportunity, and individualism.
 * The Frontier:**

﻿Development of the West through: The Buffalo, the Railroad & the Chinese!

 * **Buffalo:** (Bison): Key Econmic source of the Indian Tribes, Provided, food, warmth, and tools. Americans decimated the buffalo[[image:WorkersTranscontinental.jpg width="350" height="334" align="right" caption="Chinese Workers on the Transcontinental Railroad"]] population, also damaging Indian Tribes. Bye 1865, there were at least 15 million buffalo, a decade later fewer than a thousand of the populaiton survived. [[image:ce_witness_2_lg.jpg width="498" height="218" align="left" caption="Depicts the growing animosity towards Chinese immigrants "]]


 * **Chinese**: Major Labor Force;Put out of work once the railroad was finished; flocked to cities, developed China towns; By 1900, nearly half the Chinese Population of CA lived in urban areas; Whites responded to Chinese trying to assimilate with them by being very harsh towards them developing Anti-Coolie Clubs along with the Chinese Exclusion Act which banned Chinese immigration because of the Whites being afraid of job shortages;
 * **Railroad**: Transcontinental Railroad was built (1869 completed); brought many new jobs for laborers, especially Chinese & promoted settlement through out the West because the West was much cheaper compared to the East and gave land & credit towards buyers; 12,000 Chinese found work building the railroad (90% of the construction workers were Chinese)

Chapter Seventeen: Industrial Supremacy - Second Industrial Revolution
//-//When America becomes the leading industrial country of the world -Major growth & development -New technologies/inventions -America was extremely productive -"Birth of Modern American Capitalism" -About 1875-1910 -Fast, Rapid, Growth in Industry, Technology & business

﻿Chapter Seventeen Preview

 * Industrial Revolution grew with new technologies such as the new steel industry
 * Pittsburgh was the center of the steel industry & technique (Pittsburgh Steelers)
 * Petroleum, which was oil, which can be used for fuel; rose greatly
 * Airplane advancement (Wright Brothers - Orville & Wilbur; Kitty Hawk)
 * Henry Ford, of Ford automobiles, made the first Ford car - Model T
 * Corporation! - Public company; Whoever starts the business, keeps at least 51% of the stock, so they have majority owner; make big decisions; most power; Public Company v. Private Company
 * Trust & Holding Company
 * Production was very technical
 * Taylor-ism developed...?
 * Assembly lines were created to make production a lot faster;
 * Automobiles were finished by hand
 * There was great railroad expansion to the west & south
 * __Andrew Carnegie__, key figure (Carnegie Hall NY) - Steel Tycoon?
 * America became more Corporate
 * __John D. Rockefeller__ - Standard Oil made millions? (Rockefeller Plaza) - **Wealthiest American ever;** Compare his money what it would be worth today;
 * __J. Pierpont Morgan__ - Investment banker; financed people; made a bank to get rich off of it;
 * Morgan, Rockefeller, Carnegie, symbolized the Revolution
 * Myth of the self-made man - they could do it alone?
 * Cornelius "Commodore" Vanderbilt consolidated several large railroad companies under his control; brought enormous wealth
 * Survival of the Fittest was key; Social Darwinism
 * Immigrant Rush - Ellis Island
 * Immigrant Work Force (Wages & Working conditions)
 * Women & Children @ work - Women were paid poorly; Ineffective Child Labor Laws
 * National Labor Union was developed to unionize laborers
 * Unions fight for workers rights; Not every cooperation wanted their workers to form a union because they want to make more profit; wouldn't make enough profit - try & force management & ownership w/ more benefits;
 * Railroad Strike - National
 * There were opposition for female employment
 * Depression begins in 1893
 * Workers strike Pullman Company

[[image:John_D._Rockefeller.jpg width="259" height="360" align="left"]]﻿John D. Rockefeller
-Realized in order to find his own fortune, had to find a solution for his own industry: oil -In 1870, founded Standard Oil Company of Ohio -South Improvement Company: secured lower rates for transportation, for large shipment costs; **monopoly.** -Rockefeller, "gave them a good sweating" when referring to monopolizing rival oil companies -Rockefeller instructed his Oil company as code; so that they wouldn't know what they were doing -Sneaky little man. -In just 2 months, took over 22 out of the 24 oil companies; -Once he made his mind up, rivals would most likely gave their companies up. -Monopolized oil industry.

Andrew Carnegie
When you first hear the last name of Carnegie, you may think of Carnegie Hall or Carnegie-Mellon Universtiy but, Andrew Carnegie, the Scottish immigrant who has the classic "rags to riches" story. He was born on November 25, 1835 in Dumferline, Scotland and moved with his family in 1848 to Pennsylvania and worked in a bobbin cotton factory in Pennsylvania and then soon working in other positions involving the railways and telegraphs. He soon rose to the top and became the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad superintendent. During the Civil War he invested in oil along with working for the U.S War Department involving transportation and this is what sparked his interest in steel and iron. He soon created Homestead Steel Works and other plants which then merged to become Carnegie Steel Company. His steel company prospered and dominant ed, and when Carnegie sold the company to J.P. Morgan in 1901, the Carnegie Company was valued at more than $400 million which made him one of the richest man in the world. Carnegie then became a philanthropist in 1870. In this career, he is best known for giving cities, free public libraries, like in his hometown. He finally withdrew from his steel industry business in 1901 he made his life all about giving back. He provided hundreds of church organs to local communities and helped establish multiple colleges, schools and nonprofit organizations in both his home country and the United States. Andrew Carnegie died on August 11, 1919 in Lenox, Massachusetts due to bronchial pneumonia. //"A man who dies rich dies disgraced." // // - //Andrew Carnegie
 * Fun Facts!**
 * At his death, he had given away $350,695,653, appx $4,311,607,249.75 today
 * After his death, his remaining 30,000,000 dollars was given away to charity
 * Andrew Carnegie had always had a thick Scottish Accent, even after he had taken English classes.

[|Bubbl Web] on the Second Industrial Revolution
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 * __Self-Made Man__:** People were using capitalism as an advantage; a lot of businessmen claimed that they were self-made men, so they didn't quite create their success; (Andrew Carnegie is a perfect example - rags to riches) **Social Mobility; Not all tycoons within the Second Industrial Revolution were willing to take __//calculate//__** risks, not silly risks, calculated. Many of them used many tough, if not corrupt tactics - their system of capitalism;


 * __Gospel of Wealth__**: Book written by Andrew Carnegie; Wealthy people have a responsible duty to society after they became rich; It is not welfare checks, it is not handouts: it's the idea of setting up a structure for people to help themselves - //Give someone a fish, they'll eat for a day; Teach them how to fish, they will eat for a lifetime//; Set up more structures to help people become self-made men. Rich would help others help themselves.

Horatio Alger & Louisa May Alcott
__Horation Alger! __ __Louisa May Alcott!__
 * Wrote over 100 novels
 * Sold over 100 million copies
 * Even after his death his books sold at a very high rate
 * Born in 1832 to a middle class family in N.E
 * Attended Harvard
 * Unitarian Minister
 * Most Americans in the late 19th century were attracted to Alger because his stories helped them to believe in one of the most cherished national beliefs: That it is possible for individuals to rise in the world with willpower and hard work, and the "self made man"
 * Alger emphasized heroes
 * To Alger, the modern age did not guarantee success through hard work
 * Louisa May Alcott was born in 1832 in New England
 * Novels helped give a voice to often unstated ambitions of many young women
 * Wrote under a pen name, A.M Barnard
 * Wrote Little Women, which established her in the literary world
 * Many readers were attracted because it gave a voice to women who didn't quite have one
 * Believed that women could have independent and intellectual thoughts about society.

Imperialism

 * Industrialized countries; dominating preindustrialized countries; countries that have experienced an Industrial Revolution
 * Imperialistic countries would dominate by having more money, power, and military offenses; easily can take over other undeveloped countries
 * EXAMPLE - The U.S adding Hawaii as the 50th state

Different Definitions to define Imperialism

 * Economic influence - Ex: The U.S never took over China, but it did take over it's economy with buying & trading, etc.
 * Territorial expansion
 * Empire building
 * Political Influence - Ex: U.S did not take over Venezuela but it only aided in political aspects

Motivations

 * Land expansion[[image:Map.jpg width="480" height="316" align="right"]]
 * Economic growth
 * Spreading democracy
 * Religious Influence - Spread of Christianity
 * Naval Power - Sea Power
 * **POWER**
 * Examples of U.S Imperialism**
 * Annexation of Alaska
 * Annexation of Hawaii
 * Annexation of Puerto Rico
 * Annexation of Chinese Economy & Trade
 * Spreading democracy to Iraq - Nation rebuilding
 * Cuba
 * Guantanamo Bay
 * Philippines
 * Central America
 * Caribbean, minus Haiti.
 * America Samoa
 * Guam[[image:yellow-journalism.gif width="300" height="343" align="right" caption="Major influence on America about the war was through Newspapers; sometimes false information - Yellow Journailism"]]

The Spanish American War (1898)

 * Cuban rebels attempted to receive aid from America by destroying their sugar plantations, America didn't help just yet
 * America started to become involved with Yellow Journalism - exaggerated newspaper writing about Cuban conflicts
 * Reporters were sent to Cuban, telling others back home that there was no war; soon there was!
 * Feb. 15, 1898, The Maine was ignited, Spain declared war on the U.S
 * Philippines after the war - Fights them to take control of their land
 * Cuba after the war - Becomes independent
 * August 12, 1898 - Spain/U.S signed peace treaty

The Spanish American - Who, What, Where, Why, When

 * WHO: **
 * Cubans, who had been resisting Spanish rule from about 1868 for their independence.
 * Spaniards, controlled Cuba, Guam, Philippines & other countries - confined their Cuban citizens in concentration camps
 * American Imperialists, who had wanted to aid the Cubans, land expansion, etc.
 * American Anti-Imperialists, typically the upper-class along with industrial workers who feared the Treaty of Paris, because they believed that it would bring lower races into society, and would loose their jobs because of cheap labor and didn't want to acquire territories
 * Filipinos shared the same common interest as the U.S for fighting against Spain, U.S invaded Manila in the Philippines; after the war they stayed within the country to help aid of rebuilding the Filipino nation gov't; fought guerrilla war w. United States
 * WHAT:**
 * Spanish had much control over Cuba, and it's other territories, but Cubans were revolting because of the mistreatment
 * Spanish retaliated by putting many Cubans in concentration camps, which they were treated very brutally & harshly; many died of disease & malnutrition
 * America came to the aid when they realized Cubans lack of self governing skills & demanded the removal of fighting in Cuba
 * Spain declared war on the U.S on April 24, 1898, then U.S declared war on April 25, 1898
 * War ended after four months
 * Treaty of Paris is signed in December of 1898 which officially ended the Spanish-American War - Renounced the claim to Cuba by Spanish, ceded Guam and Puerto Rico to the United states & transferred sovereignty over the Philippines to the United States for $20 million.
 * WHERE:**
 * Fought in mainly in Cuba & the Philippines along with Guam
 * Many battles were naval, therefore in the water...IMAGINE..but fought in the Pacific & Atlantic seas
 * WHY:**
 * The War's main goal for the Cubans was to gain independence from Spain
 * Cubans also wanted to end the excessive taxes they had to pay on imports
 * U.SS the Maine was sunk on February 15 which spawned desire of war by Americans
 * The hype of pro-war ideas came from Yellow Journalism in America
 * WHEN:**
 * Cuban Revolt against Spain basically started in 1868, with the Ten Years War
 * Spain declared war on the United States on April 24, 1898, United States declared war on Spain on April 25, 1898
 * The First Battle Between US and Spain took place May 1, 1898 - Invasion of Manila Bay

Thesis:
United States History within the years of 1781 to 1915, the United States expanded as a new nation, socially, economically, physically, diplomatically and politically.
 * Johnny's thesis:** Between the years of 1781 to 1915, the United States asserted themselves as a developing country economically, physically, politically, imperialistically.
 * Group thesis:** In the United States of America from 1781 to 1915, the country was developing their independence and culture through trials of failures and successes, in ways of social separation, structuring a cooperative government, economic boom and busts, and becoming diplomatically involved.
 * Social Example: The separation of social classes after the Industrial Revolution
 * A Cooperative government: Forming a system of government with a democratic bicameral legislation, establishing federal law, checks and balances, interpret the constitution
 * Economic Boom and Busts: Farmers experiencing instability, slumming; some were millionaires and some were not; the multiple recessions;
 * Diplomatically Involved: It's growth in the world trade market.
 * Other Thesis's:**
 * -**Showed that America was creating it's own unique culture & new advancements; redeveloping a new nation