Unit+VI

﻿Unit Six!

World War II
(Beginnging of the war) -WWI started in 1914 in Europe -U.S doesn't declare war on Germany until April of 1917 -People in America looked at WWI, and didn't want to go into a "European War"; Did not want to send their citizens over because of their knowledge (Major Outcomes) -**League of Nations** -Treaty of Versailles, often reffered as a "Big Mistake"; Peace treaty between the U.S & Germany to end WWI -Germany had to: -Pay for their damages (the war) -Military was reduced -Lost land -Treaty have been divided into fifteen sections, each of which deals with a particular aspect of the treaty

1. **Declaration of Neutrality** (1914) - Wilson promised that there would be no war & this was considered the "war to end all wars" but it obviously wasn't...

2. **Sinking of Lusitania** - May 7, 1915; Germans sank British naval ship and killled 1,198 people, including 128 Americans;

3. **Zimmermann Telegram** - February 25, 1917; England intercepted a telegram meant for Mexico from Germany containing details of how Germany would help expand their territory if they envaded the United States

4**. Russian Revolution -** March 1917; Elder Russian monarchy was out of the gov't, allowing a new goverment to take over which took the country out of the war completley.

5**. Declartion of War on Germany** - (April of 1917); caused by examples above ^ along with majority of Americans pushing for war.

Affects after Treaty of Versailles
 * Before:**

A Society in Turmoil - Postwar America
Warren G. Harding was elected president & promised Normalcy.
 * **__Recession__** - millions unemployed, Gross National Product went down ten perfcent in just one year; buisnesses went bankrupt; famers lost their lands;
 * **Progressive advancements** - Slowing down across the nation
 * __**Worker's aggravation**__ - Boston Police Force on strike along with Steelworker's Strike (largest unrest of workers in history)
 * __**Violence**__ - Racial struggles continued across the nation, with race riots (Chicago); Violence also occured in strikes as well.
 * **__New African-American Postions__** - African-American soliders thought higher of themselves whch caused their desire of social recognition and rewards; detemermined to acheive equal rights and stop racism and segregation across the nation; came across black nationalism (shown by Marcus Garvey);
 * **__Red Scare__** - Concerns of communist threats grew; Soviet Union gov't began threating to start riots aross the world; put people in great panic; antiradicalism developed
 * After the war, America became the most powerful country in the world - economics, politics, military, buisnesses, and social affects on the world;**

Chapter 24, "The New Era"

 * 1920's time of affluence, conservatism & cultural frivolity - decade of **__CHANGE.__**
 * Roaring Twenties! - Idea of cultural parties, lots of dancing, music & celebration
 * Conservative v. Liberal was a very large battle within the 1920's.

Dance Halls
-Dance craze swept the urban nation of American in the 1920's & 30's due to the great African-American migration during WWI; helped bring new forms of jazz out of the South to the North -In big & small cities, young people flocked to dance halls to hear new music, dazzling lights, to show off their new clothes along with hairsyles and most of all to dance. Some were outdoors, which attracted large crowds in warm weather; the architecture design and glamour of cinemas that were being created was being used to creat dance halls as well -Many critics objected to dancing because it was prompting carelessness, recklessness, and disregard for moral responsibilty -Jazz encouraged a kind of "uninhibited" dancing; expressive, athletics, sensual which drew young people to the excitment -Dance Halls were an escape from family, school or work; -Many large dance halls featured well-known bands to perform to attract larger crowds -Smaller dance halls were used to bootleg liquor or as a place to buy drugs; whcih allowed men to produce prositution; -Dane halls were **not** melting pots; African-Americans went to clubs in black communities, without white patrons; -Halls drew people into the growing American culture that was competiting with so many of the close-knit ethinic places in which immigrants arrived from.
 * -Particualarly popular with young men and women from working-class, immigrant communities**

The Cinema
-Cinema Industry was affected by Dutch, German, Italians, Sweedish & Indians -Hollywood was a global community, center of Industry -United States was the epicenter of the film industry -More than half of the theaters in the world were in the U.S -Global Cinema had a significant impact on American film industry.

The Decline of the "Self-Made Man"

 * Main Idea:** The concept of becoming a "Self-Made Man" was declining after the value of education had become apart of many American values. Americans soon realized that you cannot just become a millionare by hard work and focus on a certain talent alone, you have to be educated and trained. To many Americans the concept of just working hard will get you somewhere/somehow very successful, was deteriating.
 * Social Imbolitity

﻿Five Key Main Ideas of the 1920's
1. **Consumerism -** Due to the boom in the economy, more people (middle class, working class especially) were able to expand consumerism; Consumerism & affluence - spending and making money; 2. New Economy 3. In the Roaring Twenties, there were many new trends set in Popular Culture that transformed the social lifestyle of many Americans from old traditions to new liberal ones(large debate of conservative v. liberal) As the cities became more modern, rural areas seemed to cling to traditional views & values; 4. **Communications** - It was easier to go places or get in touch with people 5. **Conflicting Cultures** - In the 1920's there were was a large conflict within the social classes and parts of society like conservatives v. liberals, the rise of KKK, religious fundamentalism & education (example in the Scopes Monkey Trial), prohibition of alcohol & nativism. Women were considering being less domesticated and starting to make their mark on society.

media type="custom" key="8296748"
=Chapter 25, the Great Depression - Preview =
 * Significant Events of the 1930s - 1940s**
 * __1929__: Stock Market Crashes
 * __1930__: Dust Bowl beings (1930-1940)
 * __1931__: Depression spreads to Europe, deepens in U.S; Federal Reserve raises interest rates
 * __1932__: Franklin D. Roosevelt elected President; Banking Crisis begins; Reconstruction Finace Corporation established
 * __1933:__ New Deal begins[[image:Employment%201930.png width="443" height="303" align="right" caption="Unemployment Rate in the 1930s "]]
 * __1934__: Southern Tenant Farmers Union organized
 * __1936__: //Life// magazine is published
 * __1939:__//The Grapes of Wrath// is published (John Steinbeck)
 * __1940:__ Ernest Hemingway publishes //For Whom the Bell Tolls//
 * Main Topics**:
 * Stock Market Boom, then Bust
 * Lack of Diversification
 * Declined exports
 * UNEMPLOYMENT
 * Belief in Personal Responsibility
 * Global Depression
 * The Dust Bowl
 * Okies - came from Oklahoma to CA and other states to find better conditions
 * Scottsboro Trial
 * NAACP's Role
 * African-American Segregation
 * Discriminant against Hispanics
 * Disapproval of Women's employment
 * Escapist programming
 * Radio
 * Walt Disney
 * Life Magazine
 * Spanish Civil War
 * Southern Tenenet Farmers Union

﻿The Stock Market
-Buying and selling shares - shares being parts of a public corporation -Prices can change partly because of how well the company does. -Investors help buy shares -Company goes up if people are buying more than they are selling, but then if more people are selling more than they are buying, the government is worth less. -The Stock Market is basically gambling; you're estimating when companies will do welll, you have to consider if it will be a long term investment; In 1929, people very often didn't know how their shares were doing at days, weeks at a time. -Companies have to go public before they allow people to buy a share apart of their company; Google is a public cooperation, Facebook is private, no one may buy stocks of their company.

﻿The Great Depression - Causes & Steps towards an Economic downfall

 * Causes of the Economic Downturn**
 * Lack of Distribution: too much economic focus on few certain large industries

<span style="color: #808000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">TO PREVENT:

 * Government can diversify their economy
 * Regulate banking system
 * Bailouts
 * Tax Cuts
 * Refinance mortgage

<span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Herbert Hoover [[image:Herbert_Hoover.jpg width="251" height="315" align="right"]]

 * Largest public figure of the decade
 * First President born west of the MI River
 * Seemed like a large businessman who didn't quite compare to his people
 * "The only trouble with capitalism is the capitalists"
 * Workacoholic; lacked charisma; **extremely** defensive.
 * The government needed to do more than just voluntarism.
 * **Bonus army - It's not like the gov't wasn't refusing them the money, the army protested for their bonuses from WWI that weren't suppossed to be collected until 1945, they were just desperate; FDR realized that he would become elected;
 * He had "bad luck." No one could really do anything about the economy at that time.

<span style="color: #005cff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">What did the Herbert Hoover actually try to do to FIGHT the great depression?

 * Created tariffs to help the economy's budget (Hawley-Swoot Tariff - to protect American farmers, so raised prices on foreign farmer's goods)
 * Supported the RFC - Reconsturction Finance Corporation
 * Constructed the Agricultural Marketing Act; tried to aid farmers so that they would remain in business.
 * Encouraged voluntary cooperation
 * Tried to use government spending on public works programs (to create jobs); eventually slowed down, because he didn't want the government to go into greater debt. He didn't want the government to do too much, to do so much spending, because he was a conservative & believed in a laissez faire society.
 * KEY CONCEPT: Hoover's downfall was what happened with the **Bonus Army** not just knowing that he was going to loose the last election because the nation was going into a downward spiral.

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Great Depression Slide Show from [|Slide.]
<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">media type="custom" key="8389082" ==

<span style="color: #f300ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Franklin Delano Roosevelt -People believed that at the time of Roosevelt's election, it was the end of capitalism; -FDR used Democratic majority in both houses to achieve his ideas Francis Perkins, first women to ever serve in a president's cabinet - Labor secretary
 * For change to happen, with the Presidency a certain party along with the majority of the houses the same as the Presidency, they could pretty much do anything they wanted to.**
 * -AAA: Farmers claimed that banks can't take their farms away, because it was their land, and it was horrible times.**
 * -New deal did not concern itself with equality**
 * -"Roosevelt turned the government into the nation's largest employer." He hired 250,000 CCC jobs for teenagers**
 * -NRA - Gov't was very involved;**
 * -To have a plan economy, and the inefficenties of the old economy would not exist; they were luxuries that could not be afforded with 13 million+ more unemployed;**
 * -$12 = 40 hour week; Unions were now recognized;**

<span style="color: #b200ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">The New Deal Slide Show media type="custom" key="8493444"

Legacies of the New Deal

 * The New Deal at best, helped to make things not worse. And maybe, MAYBE help Americans a little bit, but in no means to help recovery.
 * **Electoral Realignment** - a new coalition for the democrats; after FDR, and how the party became so much more conservative, FDR was able to sway African-Americans to vote democratically and have ever since
 * **New Deal Programs that lasted PAST the end of the New Deal -** Social Security, Federal Housing Authority, Works Progress Adminsition; Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) - To give people confidence to put money in the bank; Securtities & Exchange Commission (SEC) federal agency that watches over the stock market; Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA);
 * **Deficit Spending** - Keyenesian economics - John Mayard Keynes said that it's not necessary a bad thing if the gov't goes into a deficit if it helps rebuild the economy;
 * **"The Broker State**" - Allowed/Stregthen new interest groups so that they could be more competitive in the global marketplace
 * **African-Americans in the New Deal** - Many were not hostile to the blacks, but they didn't achieve much, even though they fought hard with people like Eleanor Roosevelt for social justice.
 * **The "Indian Problem"** - Many wanted to reserve the pressures of Native mericans to assimilate and would allow them to live in traditional Indian way; Indian Recognition Act which allowed them to own land once again but encouraged the breaking up of tribal lands from individually owned plots
 * **Gender Discrimination -** The "traditional" view on Gender roles about men and women were being revived/had been revived.
 * __Virtually nothing quite acheived for African-Americans, Indians & Women in the American society; The New Deal was not focused on large social change, but economic;__
 * **Hope** - Possibly one of the most important legacies of the the New Deal was to create a sense of possibilities among Americans and to presuad them that fortunes of indiviuals should not be left to the chance of them working or of the stock market.
 * **Government** - Gov't became more of a regular and had more control; there was new forms of agencies to regulate banking & the stock market; the gov't began bigger in size, scope & power;
 * **There may have been reform & relief but there hadn't been recovered due to the New Deal.**